بررسی خلاقیت معلمین ابتدایی ( مطالعه موردی : شهرستان دهگلان )
  •   آرشیو : نسخه زمستان 1396- جلد سوم
  •   موضوع : موضوعی تعریف نشده!
  • نویسنده/گان : شایسته احمدی، فاطمه غیرتیان
  •   کلید واژه : واژگان کلیدی: مذهب، ایالات متحده آمریکا، سیاست خارجی، قانون‌گذاری
  •   Title : Role of religion in US law-making and its impact on foreign policy
  •   Abstract :
    Laws in different social arenas including foreign policy are under the influence of society's civil religion and religious beliefs of lawmakers and interest groups. Due to the importance of this factor, the current article seeks to analyze role of religion in US law-making and its influence on foreign policy arena. The main question of the current article is that can we consider an effect for religion on law-making in US generally and foregin policy laws of the country particulary? The hypothesis of the article emphsizes that religion has played a key role in law-making in US and there has influenced on US foreign policy goals and measures. The authors seek to answer the question by analytical approach to collect data library in the article.
    Studying United States declaration of independence, US constitution, constitutions of different states in the country, congress laws, executive organizations's policies and law, civil liberties law, instructions about human rights and religious liberties principles, teaching literature and history of bible in the public schools, Ten Commandments installation in some state courts, Pledge of Allegiance laws, mention of God on US Currency, Thanks giving Day declaration, judicial precedents of US supreme court, Presence of priests and religious clergymen in diverse organizations and approach of US Department of State to pursue human rights religious liberties affairs reveal that despite secular face of structues and laws in the country, religion and religious viewpoint has played a significant role in law-making, law interpretations and their pursuit in foreign policy arena.
    Key words: Religion, United States of .America, foreign policy, law-making
  •   مراجع :
    الف- فارسی
    - گوتمان، توماس؛ خدادادی، سیدبهمن(1395). جستاری در کارکردباوری نرم دین در امور کیفری؛( مطالعه موردی دستگاه قضایی ایالات متحده آمریکا ). پژوهش حقوق کیفری، 4 (15)، 75-97.
    -قانون اساسی ایالات متحده آمریکا
    -درباره آمریکا؛ قانون اساسی ایالات متحده آمریکا همراه با یادداشت‌های تکمیلی؛ برگرفته از دائرة المعارف worldbook ( 2004)، اداره برنامه‌های اطلاعات بین‌المللی وزارت امور خارجه ایالات متحده.
    - حسینی‌نسب، سیدرضا ( 1396 ). جدایی دین و سیاست در غرب، دروغ یا واقعیت. پژوهه، برگرفته از http://pajoohe.ir/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%
    -مارتین، ویلیام اچ ( 1386 ). ترجمه: بهزاد احمدی لفورکی. آمریکا در دو گانگی دین و سیاست. پگاه حوزه، 206، 12-22 .
    -خلف‌رضایی، محمود (1390 ). مقدمه‌ای بر تأثیر انگاره‌های اعتقادی در سیاست خارجی آمریکا. فصلنامه سیاست خارجی، 25 ( 1 )، 49-72.
    -حبیب‌زاده، توکل، نیکوگفتارصفا، حمیدرضا (1387). مراجع تفسیر قانون اساسی در ایران و آمریکا. پژوهش‌نامه حقوق اسلامی، 9، 27، 155-193.
    -کورتین، جرمی اف (2008). آزادی دین: اقلیت‌های مذهبی در ایالات متحده آمریکا. وزارت امور خارجه ایالات متحده آمریکا، جلد 13، شماره 8. قابل دسترسی در: https://photos.state.gov/libraries/amgov/30145/publications-persian/EJ-faith-0808ar.pdf
    ب- انگلیسی
    - A Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom, 18 June 1779,” Founders Online, National Archives, accessed September 29, 2019, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-02-02-0132-0004-0082. [Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 2, 1777 – 18 June 1779, ed. Julian P. Boyd. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1950, pp. 545–553.
    -A Closer Look at How Religious Restrictions Have Risen Around the World ( 2019, July 19 ).Retrieved from https://www.pewforum.org/2019/07/15/a-closer-look-at-how-religious-restrictions-have-risen-around-the-world/
    - Barzilai, Gad ( 2007 ). Law and Religion. Ashgate Publishing Company, Retrieved from http://faculty.washington.edu/gbarzil/pubs/11b_Law%20and%20Religion_intro.pdf
    - Bittker, Boris.I, Idleman, Scott.C and Ravitch, Frank.S ( 2015 ). Religion and the state in American Law. New York: Cambridge University Press.
    - Bomboy, Scott ( 2019 ). Was Washington’s Thanksgiving Proclamation the first Executive Order?. Retrieved from constitutioncenter.org/blog/was-washingtons-thanksgiving-proclamation-the-first-executive-order
    - Brady, K. A ( 2015 ). The Distinctiveness Of Religion in American Law; Rethinking Religion Clause Jurisprudence. New York, NY: CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
    -Promoting and Protecting Religious Freedom Around the Globe ( 2016, August 10), Obama White House, Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/08/10/fact-sheet-promoting-and-protecting-religious-freedom-around-globe
    -Sager, R ( 2010, 01 March ). On the role of religion in U.S. foreign policy. Social Science Research Council. Retrieved from https://tif.ssrc.org/2010/03/01/on-the-role-of-religion-in-u-s-foreign-policy/
    --Emery, David ( 2017, 03 December ). Does NBC Poll Say 86% Favor 'In God We Trust', Retrieved from https://www.liveabout.com/nbc-poll-in-god-we-trust-3299733. '?
    --Finkelman, Paul ( 2000 ). Religion and American Law: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing Inc.
    -Staff, S ( 2002 ). Running on Faith (Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives). Shelterforce, Retrievedfrom https://shelterforce.org/2002/03/01/running-on-faith-office-of-faith-based-and-community-initiatives/
    -U.S. STRATEGY ON RELIGIOUS LEADER AND FAITH COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT, 28 February 2020, USAID, retrieved from https://www.usaid.gov/faith-and-opportunity-initiatives/us-strategy
    - Jones, O. Jeffrey ( 2003, November ). The Man Who Wrote the Pledge of Allegiance. Retrieved from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-man-who-wrote-the-pledge-of-allegiance-93907224/
    - Joppke, Christian ( 2016 ). Beyond the wall of separation: Religion and the American state in comparative perspective. CON (2016), Oxford University Press and New York University School of Law, Vol. 14 No. 4, 984–1008.
    -Center for Faith and Opportunity Initiatives ( 2020, February 10 ). In Wikipedia. Retrievedfrom https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Faith_and_Opportunity_Initiatives
    -Land, Richard.D ( 2002, 18 March ), Religious Freedom and U.S. Foreign Policy. United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, Retrieved from https://www.uscirf.gov/advising-government/congressional-testimony/religious-freedom-and-us-foreign-policy-0
    -IGE programs ( 2019 ). Retrieved from https://globalengage.org/programs
    - Lipka, Michael ( 2015, 04 November ). Americans’ faith in God may be eroding. PEW Research Center, Retrieved from http://pewrsr.ch/1KXjeKq
    -Kallerson, J.L (2014 ). National Strategy for Religious Leader Engagements: Interagency Challenges Supporting Combatant Commands. United States Army War College: Philadelphia
    -Mchangama, Jacob ( 2019 ). Freedom of Religion Doesn’t Cut It. Foreign Policy, Retrieved from https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/05/01/freedom-of-religion-doesnt-cut-it
    - McGarvie, M. Douglas ( 2004 ). One Nation Under Law: America’s Early National Struggles to Separate Church and State. Dekalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press. Retrieved from https://solidarity-us.org/atc/118/p245
    - Mujahid, Abdul Malik ( n.d ). Religious Laws & Freedom of Religion in the United States. Sound division, Retrieved from https://www.soundvision.com/article/religious-laws-freedom-of-religion-in-the-united-states
    - Perry, Michael J. ( 2009 ). « USA: Religion as a basis of lawmaking? », Archives de sciences sociales des religions, 146 , 119-136.
    - Robinson, B.A. ( 2001). State Religious Mottos In The United States. ntario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, Retrieved from https://www.religioustolerance.org/sta_mott.htm
    - Seidel, Andrew.L ( 2019, August 28 ). The Religious Motto That Isn’t Religious: How ‘In God We Trust’ Remains Constitutional [Part 2]. Rewire News, Retrieved from rewire.news/religion-dispatches/2019/08/28
    - Sterbenz, Christina ( 2014, June 15 ). Why 'Under God' Was Added To The Pledge Of Allegiance. Business Insider, https://www.businessinsider.com/under-god-added-to-pledge-of-allegiance-2014-6.
    - The Court and Its Procedures. Retrieved from https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/procedures.aspx
    -U. S. Const. art. IV, § 3.
    - US Department of State, 2018 Report On International Religious Freedom ( 2019 ). Ambassador at Large for International Religious Freedom Sam Brownback on the 2018 Report on International Religious Freedom: United States, 2019: Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/ambassador-at-large-for-international-religious-freedom-sam-brownback/
    - Beyond Traditional Diplomacy ( 2019 ). Retrieved from https://icrd.org/our-approach/
    -Cucalon, B.M ( 2014 ). The U.S. Department of State Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives: What does the U.S. engage when they engage ‘religion’? Master of Arts in Religious Studies, University of South Florida, https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6403&context=etd
    - Vance, Laurence. M ( 2018, 30 october ). Religious Freedom and U.S. Foreign Policy. The Future of Freedom Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.fff.org/explore-freedom/article/religious-freedom-and-u-s-foreign-policy/
    - Washington, G. (1773) George Washington Papers, Series 8, Miscellaneous Papers -99, Subseries 8A, Correspondence and Miscellaneous Notes: Correspondence and Miscellaneous Notes, 1773 to 1799. /1799. [Manuscript/Mixed Material] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/mgw8a.124/.
    - Your Right to Religious Freedom ( 2019 ). American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ). Retrieved from https://www.aclu.org/other/your-right-religious-freedom
  •  صفحات : 19-25
  •   دانلود فایل ( 705 KB )